ʻO kahiʻai meaʻai a me ka meaʻai i ka meaʻai e hiki keʻai koke i ka ea ma luna o mākou, ka honua ma lalo o mākou a me nā lāʻau a me nā ulu lāʻau iʻikeʻia: nā'ōpala. ʻOiaʻiʻo,ʻo kaʻaiʻana i nā meaʻawaʻawa e like paha me ka nani a me ka pōʻino. Eia naʻe, he lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ka mea e pono ai ka hanaʻana i nā'ōpala a ke kanaka. Eia kekahi,ʻo ka'emi ma lalo o ka 0.2 pakeneka o nā'ōiwi he meaʻeha ia i ke kanaka, nā holoholona, aiʻole nā mea kanu.
Ka Pane Pūnaewele o ka Entomophagy
ʻO ka'ōnaehana - kekahi inoa'ē aʻe no ka entomophagy-ʻikeʻia ma ka moʻolelo moʻolelo. Ma o ka hōʻiliʻiliʻana i nā mamauma ukana,ʻike nā meaʻepekema heʻano mua o ke kanaka, ka mea i ola i nā makahiki he mau makahiki i hala aku nei i ka'āinaʻo'Akelika Hema, ua hoʻohana i nā mea hana iwi no kaʻeliʻana i nā mō'ī mai nā puʻu.
Ua leleʻia nā kuhiakau he nui e wehewehe ana i keʻano o ka insectivory i loko o ka prehistory e like me kēia:
- ʻO kaʻaeʻana i ka mea iʻoi aku ka hopena ma mua o ka hopuʻana
- Ua hana nui ia i nā pono kūpono
- He wā kūpono ia a kōkuaʻia e hoʻohui i nā kumuhana kumuʻole i loaʻa i nā meaʻaiʻai
- Ua makemakeʻia kaʻenehana likeʻole e like me kahi pahu aiʻole mea hana hana e nānā ai a unuhi
- Ua hāʻawiʻo ia i nā kumuʻaiʻai e hiki ke lawe a hoʻokuʻuʻia
- Ua hoʻoikaikaʻo ia i ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana i ka hana ma waena me nā wāhine, me nā wāhine iʻoi nui ke kuleana no kaʻohiʻana i nā'okena.
Ma muli o ke kanaka hou, ua kākauʻia ka entomophagy i waena o nā lāhui kanaka 300 i 113 mau'āina ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO ka hana o ka insectivory ka mea maʻamau i waena o nā moʻomeheu o Asia a me'Afelika a me Central a meʻAmelika Hema. Ma kekahi o kēia mauʻekalesia, hiki i ka 10% o nā meaʻai kūpono o ke kanaka e loaʻa mai i nā kumu kikowaena.
I ka makahiki 1885, ua hoʻokomo nuiʻia nā insectivory i nā poʻe i ke Komohana me ka hoʻolahaʻiaʻana o kahi puke i kapaʻia " Why Not Eat Insects"?
e ka'ōlelo Pelekaneʻo Vincent M. Holt. Ma hope koke iho nei, ma waena o 1988 a 2000,ʻo Gene DeFoliart, he mea iʻike i ka mea iʻikeʻia i kēia manawa, a he polofesa ma ke Kulanui o Wisconsin-Madison, ua paʻiʻia kahi puke manawa i laweʻiaʻo ka Food Insects Newsletter .
Eia kekahi,ʻo ka Food and Agricultural Organization o Nā Aupuni Hui Pū'Āina e mālama nei i nāʻaha kūkā e kākoʻo ana i ka entomophagy e pane i ka pōloli o ka honua a hoʻopuka i kahi puke i kapaʻiaʻo Edible Insects: Nā Mea Hope no ka Meaʻai a me ka Mea mālama Nalu , ka mea i unuhiʻia i loko o nā'ōlelo a he mau'ōlelo ʻoi aku ma mua oʻehiku miliona manawa.
Wahi a nā mea kākau o kēia puke:
"He mau meaʻono nā meaʻai i nā meaʻai kanaka , akā, i loko o kekahi mau lāhui, aia kekahi mahele o ka hoʻopiʻi no kā lākouʻaiʻana. ʻOiaiʻo ka nui o nā'inikenaʻaiʻai e hōʻiliʻiliʻia mai nā wahi ulu lāʻau, ua hoʻomaka nā mea hou i loko o nā'ōnaehana hōʻiliʻili i nā'āina he nui. Ke hāʻawi nei nāʻokoʻa i kahi manawa nui e hoʻohui i kaʻike kuʻuna a me kaʻike hou i kēia mau makahiki i kūkuluʻia a me nā lāhui e ulu ana. "
ʻOiaiʻo nā'ōpala a me nā huahana iʻole i loaʻa i nā lāʻauʻawaʻawa ka mea i hoʻonohonoho i ka papa inoa ma ka hapanui o nā haleʻaiʻai ma ke Komohana, ua nui ka hoʻonuiʻia o ka pāʻani.
Eia kekahi lā, maʻAmelika Hui PūʻIa, nā mea i hoʻokumuʻia i ka lāʻau cricket, e like me ka palaoa i ka palaoa cricket, nā kuki a me nā kī pūmua, ke ulu nei. I ka Europa, hiki i ka loaʻaʻana o nā'ōpala a me nā meaʻai i laweʻia i nā meaʻawaʻawa, uaʻoi aku ka laulā. Eia kekahi laʻana, loaʻa nā'ūhini, nā meaʻai, a me nā'ūpiki ma kekahi mau mākeke. Ma Netherlands,ʻoi aku ka nui o nā supermarketsʻoi aku ma mua o 500 a me nā huapalapala i loko o ka palaoa palaoa wili.
He aha nāʻoihana i hiki ke kūpono?
ʻAi kahi'āpana liʻiliʻi loa o ka 30 miliona mau mea olaʻole e hiki keʻai. ʻO keʻano kūpono, hiki i ka 2000 o kēia mau meaʻeleʻele keʻaiʻia. ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau'ulaki i loko o nā kauohaʻelima:
- ʻO Coleoptera (ie, wele)
- ʻO nā Hymenoptera (ie, wasps, pi, a me nā kuʻi)
- ʻO Isoptera (ie, mau wā)
- Lepidoptera (ie, nā momona a me nā lehelele)
- ʻO Orthoptera (ʻo ia hoʻi, nā'ūhini a me nā'ūhini)
Wahi a ka United Nations, eia nā manaʻo hoʻohālikelike o ka entomophagy ma keʻano o nāʻano insect:
- ʻO ka 31 pakeneka o nā'ōiwi iʻaiʻia e ka poʻe
- He 18 pakeneka ka poʻe anuhe
- He 14 pakeneka ka pipi, ka pi, a me ka pipi
- ʻO ka hapa he 13,ʻo nā'ōpala, nā'ūhini, a me nā'ūhini
- He 10 pakeneka ka cicadas a me nā pentatomid (stink).
- ʻO ke 3 pakeneka ka palena
- ʻO ke 3 pakeneka ka hopena
- He 2 pakeneka ka nalu
- He 5 pakeneka keʻano
Pehea keʻano o ke kīnāʻole?
ʻO ka hapanui, he mau meaʻai ka noma. ʻO ka waiwai kūpono maoli o kēlā me kēia pahu liʻiliʻi e pili ana i nā mea likeʻole, e like me keʻano, ke kāne, ka honua (temperate vs. climical climates), ka pae hana hoʻolālā a me keʻano i hoʻohanaʻia e hoʻopili i nā mea'enela.
Eia kekahi mau mea nui e pili ana i ka nui o ka waiwai o nā'ōpū:
- ʻO Protein ka mea nui loa i meaʻaiʻai i loko o nā'ōpala
- Ma keʻano o ka kaumaha kaumaha,ʻo ka helu pūmua o nā'eneke i loaʻa i waena o 7 pakeneka a me 91 pakeneka. ʻO ka nui o nāʻano he 60% o ka protein
- ʻAʻole nā kinakela a pau i loko o nā'īkoi. Hoʻokomoʻia kekahi kinona i ka chitin,ʻo ia ka hapa keu o ka exoskeleton
- ʻO ke kinona waiwai o nāʻano iʻa he nui e like me kaʻiʻo
- ʻO ka momona momona o nā pāpona proteins mai ka 13 pakeneka i nā'ūhini, nā'ūhini, a me nā'ūhini i ka 33 pakeneka o nā pīpī a me nā manamana
- Loaʻa ka momona o nā mea ulu ma Larvae
- ʻO ka hapa nui o nā'ōpala e pili ana i nā momona i hoʻomahaʻoleʻia e like me nā moa a me nā iʻa; akā,ʻoi aʻe nā'okena i loko o nā momona polyunsaturated ma mua o nā mea hānai a iʻa paha
- Ma muli o ka loaʻaʻole o nā pūpū i nā pūpū e like me ka meaʻai,ʻaʻole lākou i ka liʻiliʻi. ʻO kekahi mauʻanoʻeleʻele me nāʻelima pipi, nā'ūhini a me nā anuhe e lako i ka hao a me ka zinc
Pehea e Komo ai nā Insekō?
ʻO ke alaʻoi loa o ka pauʻana o nāʻeke i ko lākouʻano holoʻokoʻa. Eia naʻe, hiki i nā kēkini ke hele i loko o ko mākou kino i nāʻano'ē aʻe. Ke laʻana, ma Mekikoka, hanaʻia nā tortillas me ka'eleʻa momona momona, kahi i loaʻa ai he 58 pakeneka waiwai a he waiwai nui nā mea amino e like me tyrosine, tryptophan, a me phenylalanine. Ma kahi kiʻi pili, hiki i nā'okena ke lilo i mea hānai holoholona a no laila e hoʻokomoʻia i loko o kā mākou mau meaʻai iʻoi aku kaʻoihana kaʻawale.
E mālama ponoʻia nā Inseka eʻai?
ʻO nā kānaka eʻai nei i nā'okena no hoʻokahi mau makahiki me ka loaʻaʻole o ka maʻi, no laila, ma ko lākou paiʻoleʻana a me keʻano maoli, he mea palekana nā'īlioʻai. Eia naʻe, aia kekahi mau mea pili e pili ana i ka palekana o ka meaʻai e pono ai kaʻimi noiʻi.
ʻO ka mea mua, i ka makahiki o nā lāʻau pīpī lāʻau kino, nā mea'alopelo a me nā metala kaumaha, hiki i nā mea poke kino ke hele aku i loko o nā'ōpū.
ʻO ka lua, hiki i kekahi mau'elepa ke kiʻi i nā huakino e lilo ai nā kānaka i maʻi. Eia kekahi laʻana, i ka wā eʻohiʻia ai mai ka honua mai, hiki i nāʻupena ke lawe i ka E. coli a iʻole ka huapiʻi huahua e hopena i nā maʻi e like me tetanus, botulism, a me anthrax. Eʻoluʻolu eʻikeʻia paha kēia kumukānāwaiʻelua no ka mea makemake i kaʻohiʻana i nā'okikoki mai ka'ōpū a puni, akā, ua lawa konaʻike aʻike paha, e kāpae i kēia hana a kūʻai aku i nā hua lāʻau mai nā mea hilinaʻi kaulana, palekana a mālama. (Inā makemake i ka hoʻokolohuaʻana, kūʻaiʻo Amazon i nā ilo, nā'ōpoki, a me nā'ūhini.)
ʻO ke kolu, ua hoʻomauʻia ke noiʻiʻia inā hanaʻia ka hanaʻana o nā mea'elepona i ke kūkuluʻana i nā meaʻawaʻawa a iʻole e hoʻopauʻia nā meaʻawaʻawa ma hope o kaʻohi.
ʻO ka hā, inā paha i manaʻoʻia, hoʻomauʻia eʻike inā he mea hiki i nā poʻe i loaʻa i nā mea pāʻani i nā mites lepo a me nā'enekenekeneka e hōʻike i ka hanuʻana i nā'ōpala. I kekahi'ōlelo'ē aʻe, ināʻoe e hōʻeha i nā mimala lepo a iʻole ka makika, hiki paha iāʻoe keʻae i kaʻaiʻana i nā kiko.
No ke aha e pono ai i nā kānaka keʻai i nā'ōpū?
Aia kekahi mau kumu hoʻopiʻi nui e ho'āla i ke kumu no ka mea e pono ai ka poʻe e like me ka mea.
Loaʻa ka loaʻa meaʻai . ʻO ka koiʻana i ka protein i loaʻa mai i nā kumu holoholona, e piʻiʻia he 76 pakeneka ma ka makahiki 2050.ʻO kēia hoʻonuiʻana i ka noi e pili waleʻia ka manaʻo i waena o nā lāhui o nā lāhui e ulu ana; nā kānaka i hiki ke kōkua i kaʻaiʻana. Ma hope o nā mea a pau,ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o kaʻohiʻana i nā'ōpala ma mua o ka mālamaʻana i nā pipi.
Ke hoʻomehana honua . I kēia manawa, kuleana ka holoholona no ka 14 pakeneka o ka hoʻomehana honua hoʻomehana honua, a me ka hoʻomehana honua. ʻO ka mahiʻaiʻana a me nā meaʻaiʻoihana mahiʻai e kau i ka noi haʻahaʻa ma ka honua.
I loko o ka nūpepa 2016 i kapaʻiaʻo " Canse Insects" o ka Future? , Kākauʻo Arnold van Huis:
"ʻO nāʻokoʻa kahi meaʻono'ē aʻe (i kaʻai) e noʻonoʻo ana i ka hoʻomehanaʻana o ke kinoea hoʻomehana honua,ʻo ka'āina liʻiliʻi e pono e hana i ka protein 1 kg, ka pono o ka hoʻololiʻana i ka uluʻana, a me ka hiki ke hoʻololi i nā kahawai āpau i nā huapona waiwai kiʻekiʻe."
Nā manawa hoʻohana. I nā lāhui e ulu ana, hiki i kaʻohiʻana o nā'ōpū ke hoʻonui i nā ola o nā mea e pili ana me nā wāhine kūʻai-nui loa mai nā wahi kaiāulu. No ka hoʻokomoʻana i ka makani hoʻolālā i hoʻonuiʻia ai kaʻohi palaoa e hiki ai ke hōʻiliʻili i nā kaiaulu nele i kaʻikena, e noʻonoʻo i ka'enehe mopane, i loaʻa maʻAmelika Hema, i kahi $ 85 miliona ma ka makahiki. Eia kekahi, ma nā wahi o Cameroon a me ka mokuʻo Congo, hiki ke kūʻai i kaʻoihana hanaʻino i 20% o nāʻoihana waiwai waiwai a pau.
Eʻai kaʻAmelika i nā Inse?
Nui nā kānaka i hana nuiʻia e nā'ōpala a hiki i ka hui pūʻana me ka lepo i loko o ka pahu lepo a me ke alanui hanaʻinoʻino ma mua o kaʻaiʻono. Mai kahiʻike pilikino, loaʻa iā mākou kēia pale i waena o nā makahiki 2 a me 5, a heʻoi aku ka pili me ka manaʻo o kaʻaiʻana i nā inikā ma mua o nā mea leʻaleʻa o kēia meaʻai.
Ma nāʻano pilikino a ka lehulehu e mālama nei i ka manaʻo o nā'ōiwi i meaʻai, hōʻikeʻia e nā noiʻi he mea nui loa ka poʻeʻAmelika e manaʻo eʻai i kekahiʻano o nā meaʻai. ʻO keʻano maʻamau, ma waena o nāʻAmelika e'ānaiʻole i nā'ōpala, 72 pakeneka ka mea e noʻonoʻo lākou i nā meaʻokoʻa e ho'āʻo ai a me nā meaʻokoʻa.
Ke hōʻikeʻia nei kekahi mauʻimi noi eʻoi aku ka nui o nā kāne ma mua o nā wāhine e hōʻike i ka makemake i kaʻaiʻana i nā'ōpū e like me ka meaʻai. Eia kekahi,ʻo kaʻike aʻikeʻana i nā'okena i meaʻai e hoʻoikaika i ka makemake o kekahi kanaka e ho'āʻo i nā'ōpala.
Pākī
He mea hoʻohauʻoli i ka loaʻaʻana o ka mahalo i nā mea e pili ana i ka honua. ʻO nā'okena he meaʻai nui a me kaʻohiʻana i nā'ōpala heʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ke kālaiʻia ma mua o ka hānaiʻana i nā bipi a me nā holoholona'ē aʻe.
ʻO ka maikaʻi o Entomophagy ka pono loa o nā lāhui e ulu ana ma kahi e hikiʻole ai i ka lehulehu ke lawa i kaʻai. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, mahalo i ka noho kūlanakauhale, hōʻeuʻeu i ka lāʻau insectivory ka mea maʻamau i nā lāhui e ulu ana. Nui nā poʻe noho noho i kēia mau'āina i hele mai e nānā i nā lono kahiko o nā'ōiwi. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻopiʻiʻia nā'ōpū e like me kaʻai eʻaiʻia e ka poʻe pōloli aʻaʻole a lākou mea'ē aʻe eʻai ai. Hiki i kēia mau hana ke hoʻokeʻakeʻa i ka makemake o ka poʻe nui e noho nei i nā lāhui e ulu ana e komo i ka hoʻopomoʻiʻana i ka pono o ka entomophagy.
> Kālā:
> McGrew WC. Uaʻike houʻia ka 'Other Faunivory': Nānā i loko o nā Kamaliʻi a me nā Kamaliʻiʻole o ke Kanaka a me ka Evolution of Human Diet. Ka Nupepa o ke Kinohi Kanaka . 71: 4-11.
>ʻo Huis A. He mea hōʻoia i ka hopena. Nā papahana o kaʻahahui Nutrition. 2016; 75: 294-305.
> Van Huis A et al. Nā Hua'ōlelo Hoʻomehana: Nā Mea e hiki mai ana i ka wā e hiki mai ana i kaʻai a me ka mālama hānai . Roma: FAO; 2013.
> Yen AL. ʻO ka mālamaʻana i ka hoʻopihapihaʻana. Ka Nūpepa o ka mālamaʻana i ka Insect. 2009; 13: 667-670.